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What Is the Family of a Spider Monkey

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Genus of mammals belonging to the New Earth monkeys

Spider monkey[1]
Ateles fusciceps Colombia.JPG
Black-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Grade: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Atelidae
Subfamily: Atelinae
Genus: Ateles
E. Geoffroy, 1806
Type species
Simia paniscus

Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text

Spider monkey (Ateles) range.png
Range of the spider monkeys

Spider monkeys are New World monkeys belonging to the genus Ateles , part of the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae. Like other atelines, they are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil. The genus contains seven species, all of which are under threat; the brown spider monkey is critically endangered. They are likewise notable for their ability to be easily bred in captivity.

Disproportionately long limbs and long prehensile tails make them i of the largest New World monkeys and give rise to their mutual proper noun. Spider monkeys alive in the upper layers of the rainforest, and forage in the high awning, from 25 to 30 grand (82 to 98 ft).[2] They primarily eat fruits, simply will also occasionally consume leaves, flowers, and insects.[2] Due to their large size, spider monkeys require big tracts of moist evergreen forests, and prefer undisturbed primary rainforest.[2] They are social animals and live in bands of upward to 35 individuals but will split up to forage during the twenty-four hour period.[three]

Recent meta-analyses on primate knowledge studies indicated spider monkeys are the most intelligent New World monkeys.[iv] They can produce a wide range of sounds and volition "bark" when threatened; other vocalisations include a whinny similar to a horse and prolonged screams.[three]

They are an important food source due to their large size, and so are widely hunted by local human populations; they are besides threatened by habitat destruction due to logging and land clearing.[iii] Spider monkeys are susceptible to malaria and are used in laboratory studies of the disease.[iii] The population trend for spider monkeys is decreasing; the IUCN Scarlet List lists one species as vulnerable, five species as endangered and i species every bit critically endangered.

Evolutionary history

Theories abound about the development of the atelines; one theory is they are well-nigh closely related to the woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles), and about likely split from such woolly monkeys as (Lagothrix and Oreonax) in the South American lowland forest, to evolve their unique locomotory arrangement.[5] This theory is not supported past fossil evidence. Other theories include Brachyteles, Lagothrix and Ateles in an unresolved trichotomy,[6] and two clades, ane composed of Ateles and Lagothrix and the other of Alouatta and Brachyteles.[vii] More recent molecular show suggests the Atelinae carve up in the middle to late Miocene (13 Ma), separating spider monkeys from the woolly spider monkeys and the woolly monkeys.[eight]

Taxonomic classification

The genus name Ateles derives from the aboriginal greek discussion ἀτέλεια ( atéleia ), meaning "incomplete, imperfect",[9] [10] in reference to the reduced or non-existent thumbs of spider monkeys.

The genus contains seven species, and seven subspecies.[1]

  • Family Atelidae
    • Subfamily Alouattinae: howler monkeys
    • Subfamily Atelinae
      • Genus Ateles : spider monkeys
        • Reddish-faced spider monkey, Ateles paniscus
        • White-fronted spider monkey, Ateles belzebuth
        • Peruvian spider monkey, Ateles chamek
        • Brown spider monkey, Ateles hybridus
        • White-cheeked spider monkey, Ateles marginatus
        • Blackness-headed spider monkey, Ateles fusciceps
          • Brownish-headed spider monkey, Ateles fusciceps fusciceps
          • Colombian spider monkey, Ateles fusciceps rufiventris
        • Geoffroy's spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi
          • Hooded spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi grisescens
          • Yucatan spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis
          • Mexican spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi vellerosus
          • Nicaraguan spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi geoffroyi
          • Ornate spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi ornatus
      • Genus Brachyteles : muriquis (woolly spider monkeys)
      • Genus Lagothrix : woolly monkeys
      • Genus Oreonax : the yellow-tailed woolly monkey

Beefcake and physiology

Spider monkeys are among the largest New Globe monkeys; blackness-headed spider monkeys, the largest spider monkey, have an average weight of eleven kilograms (24 lb) for males and ix.66 kg (21.3 lb) for females.[11] [12] Disproportionately long, spindly limbs inspired the spider monkey's common name. Their deftly prehensile tails,[13] which may be up to 89 cm (35 in) long, have very flexible, hairless tips and skin grooves like to fingerprints. This adaptation to their strictly arboreal lifestyle serves equally a fifth hand.[xiv] When the monkey walks, its artillery practically elevate on the ground. Unlike many monkeys, they do not use their arms for balance when walking, instead relying on their tails. The easily are long, narrow and hook-like, and have reduced or non-existent thumbs.[xv] The fingers are elongated and recurved.[xvi]

Their hair is coarse, ranging in color from ruddy gold to brown and black, or white in a rare number of specimens.[17] [18] The hands and feet are usually blackness. Heads are small with hairless faces. The nostrils are very far autonomously, which is a distinguishing feature of spider monkeys.[19]

Spider monkeys are highly agile, and they are said to be 2d only to the gibbons in this respect. They have been seen in the wild jumping from tree to tree.[20]

Female spider monkeys have a clitoris that is particularly developed; it may be referred to as a pseudo-penis because information technology has an interior passage, or urethra, that makes information technology about identical to the penis, and retains and distributes urine droplets every bit the female person moves effectually. This urine is emptied at the bases of the clitoris, and collects in pare folds on either side of a groove on the perineal.[21] Researchers and observers of spider monkeys of South America expect for a scrotum to determine the animal sexual activity because these female person spider monkeys have pendulous and erectile clitorises long enough to exist mistaken for a penis; researchers may also determine the animal'southward sex past identifying scent-mark glands that may be nowadays on the clitoris.[22]

Beliefs

Spider monkeys grade loose groups, typically with 15 to 25 individuals,[23] just sometimes up to 30 or 40.[24] [25] During the mean solar day, groups break up into subgroups. The size of subgroups and the degree to which they avoid each other during the day depends on food contest and the risk of predation. The average subgroup size is between ii and 8[26] simply tin can sometimes be up to 17 animals.[25] As well less common in primates, females rather than males disperse at puberty to join new groups. Males tend to stick together for their whole lives. Hence, males in a group are more probable to be related and have closer bonds than females. The strongest social bonds are formed between females and their young offspring.[27]

Spider monkey standing at the edge of a boat

Spider monkeys communicate their intentions and observations using postures and stances, such as postures of sexual receptivity and of attack. When a spider monkey sees a homo approaching, it barks loudly like to a dog. When a monkey is approached, it climbs to the end of the co-operative it is on and shakes it vigorously to scare away the possible threat. Information technology shakes the branches with its feet, easily, or a combination while hanging from its tail. It may also scratch its limbs or body with various parts of its hands and feet. Seated monkeys may sway and make dissonance. Males and occasionally adult females growl menacingly at the arroyo of a human. If the pursuer continues to advance, the monkeys may break off alive or dead tree limbs weighing up to 4 kilograms (viii.eight lb) and driblet them towards the intruder. The monkeys also defecate and urinate toward the intruder.[28]

Spider monkeys are diurnal and spend the night sleeping in advisedly selected copse. Groups are thought to be directed by a lead female, which is responsible for planning an efficient feeding route each day. Preparation is non every bit important to social interaction, owing possibly to a lack of thumbs.[29]

Spider monkeys take been observed fugitive the upper canopy of the trees for locomotion.[30] One researcher speculated this was because the thin branches at the tops of copse practice not support the monkeys equally well.[31]

At 107 grams (three.8 oz), the spider monkey brain is twice the size of the encephalon of a howler monkey of equivalent torso size;[32] this is idea to be a result of the spider monkeys' circuitous social system and their frugivorous diets, which consist primarily of ripe fruit from a wide variety (over 150 species) of plants. This requires the monkeys to call back when and where fruit can exist found. The ho-hum evolution may as well play a function: the monkeys may live from 20[33] to 27 years or more, and females give birth once every 17 to 45 months.[34] Sticky, presumably the oldest living spider monkey in captivity, is presumed to have been born wild in 1962 and currently resides at Fort Rickey Childrens Discovery Zoo located in Rome, New York.[35]

Diet

Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) browsing, showing the uncommonly long limbs that give them their proper name.

Spider monkeys eat fleshy fruits 71 to 83 percentage of the fourth dimension.[30] They tin live for long periods on but one or two kinds of fruits and nuts. They swallow the fruits of many large forest trees, and because they swallow fruits whole, the seeds are somewhen excreted and fertilized past the feces. Studies show the nutrition of spider monkeys changes their reproductive, social, and concrete behavioral patterns. Most feeding happens from dawn to 10 am. Afterward, the adults balance while the young play. Through the rest of the twenty-four hour period, they may feed infrequently until around ten pm. If nutrient is scarce, they may swallow insects, leaves, bird eggs, bark and honey.[36]

Spider monkeys have a unique way of getting food: a lead female person is generally responsible for finding food sources. If she cannot find plenty food for the group, information technology splits into smaller groups that forage separately.[ citation needed ] The traveling groups take four to nine animals. Each group is closely associated with its territory.[37] If the group is big, it spreads out.

Reproduction

The female chooses a male from her group for mating. Both males and females utilize "anogenital sniffing" to check their mates for readiness for copulation. The gestation period ranges from 226 to 232 days. Each female bears just i offspring on boilerplate, every 3 to four years.[29]

Until six to x months of historic period, infants rely completely on their mothers.[28] Males are non involved in raising the offspring.

A mother carries her babe around her belly for the showtime calendar month afterwards nascency. After this, she carries it on her lower back. The infant wraps its tail around its mother's and tightly grabs her midsection.[33] Mothers are very protective of their young and are more often than not attentive mothers. They take been seen grabbing their young and putting them on their backs for protection and to aid them navigate from tree to tree. They help the more independent immature to cross past pulling branches closer together. Mothers as well groom their young.

Male person spider monkeys are ane of the few primates who do non take a penis bone (baculum).[38] [39]

Cultural depictions

Spider monkeys are found in many aspects of the Mesoamerican cultures. In the Aztec 260-day calendar, Spider Monkey (Nahua Ozomatli) serves equally the name for the 11th mean solar day. In the corresponding Maya calendar, Howler Monkey (Batz) is substituted for Spider Monkey.[40] In present-day Maya religious feasts, spider monkey impersonators serve as a kind of demonic clowns.[41] In Classical Maya art, they are ubiquitous, ofttimes shown carrying cacao pods.

Helm Simian & the Space Monkeys features a spider monkey named Spydor who is the smallest of the crew.

References

  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. East.; Reeder, D. Yard. (eds.). Mammal Species of the Globe: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (third ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c Cawthon Lang, Chiliad.A. (April x, 2007). "Primate factsheets: black spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps) taxonomy, morphology, and ecology". Wisconsin Primate Enquiry Heart (WPRC). Retrieved May 20, 2009.
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  5. ^ Kinzey, West.Chiliad. (1997). New world primates: environmental, evolution, and beliefs. Aldine Transaction. ISBN978-0-202-01186-8.
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  7. ^ Kay, R.F. (1990). "The phyletic relationships of extant and fossil Pitheciinae (Platyrrhini, Anthropoidea)". Periodical of Human Evolution. xix (1–two): 175–208. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(90)90016-5.
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  39. ^ Harvey, Suzanne (Nov 26, 2012). "How did human being lose his penis bone?". Researchers In Museums. University College London.
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  41. ^ "The Maya monkey". Meso-America Foundation. Retrieved November 12, 2013.

External links

edwardsnough1952.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_monkey

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